This session builds on lessons learned from the Retrofit for the Future programme, and several other projects, to identify an appropriate standard and specification for low carbon refurbishment.  The challenge is to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy use in dwellings to as near zero as possible by 2050, but there will be many factors that contribute to this reduction.  A consensus is beginning to emerge around an appropriate retrofit standard for social housing that can be achieved with readily available products and technologies, avoiding the more expensive products and systems.  An approach involving a medium-term ‘low carbon plan’ for each dwelling (or dwelling type) also seems a more likely outcome than the widely touted one-off low carbon retrofit approach.